A new capitalism – brutal and conquering – is moving in. It’s the capitalism of a new category of vulture funds: private equity funds with the appetite of an ogre that command colossal amounts of capital.
The names of these titans – The Carlyle Group, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), The Blackstone Group, Colony Capital, Apollo Management, Starwood Capital Group, Texas Pacific Group, Wendel, Eurazeo, etc. – remain little known to the general public. And, sheltered by that discretion, they’re in the process of taking possession of the global economy. In four years, from 2002 to 2006, the sum raised by these investment funds, which collect the money of banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and the assets of the richest individuals, went from $137 billion to $524 billion. Their financial firepower is phenomenal, exceeding $1.6 trillion. Nothing withstands them. Last year, in the United States, the main private equities firms invested $424 billion in repurchasing companies, and more than $322 billion during just the first semester of 2007, thus taking control of 8,000 companies. Already one American employee out of four – and close to one French employee out of 12 – works for these mastodons.
The phenomenon of these rapacious funds erupted about 15 years ago, but is now on steroids. Thanks to cheap credit and ever more sophisticated financial instruments, that phenomenon has lately taken on a worrying scope. The principle is simple: a club of wealthy investors decides to buy up companies that they then manage privately, far from the stock market and its restrictive rules, and without having to account to fussy, fuddy-duddy shareholders. The idea is to circumvent the very principles of the capitalist ethic by betting on the laws of the jungle only.
Concretely, two specialists explain to us, this is how things go: “To acquire a company worth 100, the fund takes 30 out of its pocket (on average) and borrows 70 from banks, taking advantage of the very low interest rates of the moment. During three or four years, it reorganizes the company with the management in place, rationalizes production, develops activities and captures all or part of the profits to pay the interest… on its own debt. After which, it will resell the company for 200, often to another fund that will do the same thing. Once the borrowed 70 is repaid, the firm has 130 left in its pocket for an initial bet of 30, or a return of over 300 percent on a four-year investment. What could be better?”
And while they personally are earning insane fortunes, the directors of these funds practice, without any squeamishness, the four great principles of corporate “rationalization:” reducing employment, squeezing salaries, increasing the work pace and outsourcing. Encouraged in all that by the public authorities, which, as in France today, dream of “modernizing” their production apparatus. And to the great displeasure of the unions, which call it a nightmare and denounce the end of the social contract.
Some thought that, with globalization, capitalism was finally sated. We see now that its voracity seems limitless. Until when?
Abridged from Le Monde Diplomatique. Translated by Leslie Thatcher.
Comments
While I love this mag for what it talks about with cultural issues and grassroots activism I get pretty flustered by the level of dilettantism and superficiality with which they treat financial and economic issues. I know this particular article wasn't written by anyone at AdBusters, but I think it's fairly representative of the kind of reporting that goes on here in general. Even if this article had been published 3 years ago it would still be dated, and as it stands now what's being reported is hardly different (except in means, i.e. getting around SEC regs with 144A filings, using dark liquidity pools, etc.) from what financiers have been doing for centuries.
I would also note that the article doesn't even begin to try to offer some kind of "solution" to the problem it's sketched out. And to be honest I don't see this superficiality of attention turning around any time soon - i.e., I don't see Adbusters or other similar organizations actually making serious inquiries into economic situations and how they could be improved or combated. I suspect this is for three reasons:
1. The liberal kneejerk reaction to make sweeping rejections of such things as "the world financial system", banking, etc., a moral holdover from Marx;
2. The fact that finance and economics are boring, and hard to glamourize and as such will not be incorporated into a subculture which puts such a priority on "being cool". Reading an Econ textbook is definitely "not cool", and it's obvious most of the writers of these articles are very intent on keeping their street cred intact;
and
3. Most importantly: I think there isn't a serious investigation into the way the financial system functions in the world - and who are the winners and losers of such a system - specifically because many/most of the readers and writers of this magazine (myself included) are direct beneficiaries of these systems, in one way or another. All of us who have been fortunate enough to receive scholarships for college have benefited from the money that has often been reinvested in various funds, including these private equity funds, and every one of us who has gone to college has taken advantage of facilities many of which were funded through such channels as the article described. Any of us who have received grants for art or research projects have received money that has been augmented by investing in these (and the range of other) kinds of funds. The large multi-million dollar projects - for arts centers and websites and films and ipods - for which we middle-class kids are among the primary beneficiaries, all rely heavily on receiving funding from these and other funds to get their projects from ideas to the consumer (us), and as they cut costs, through means including downsizing and outsourcing, we are often the ones that benefit, not the ones that are harmed. Moreover, a lot of us (myself included) grew up and were funded by parents working in the financial sector - in banks, insurance, investment firms, etc. - and while we damn our parents' empty consumerist lifestyle and unfulfilling desk job, we have certainly taken their money.
Perhaps the situation most squarely rests on our subtle sensing that it's not in our interest to know what's going on. We don't want to know about the necessary but sometimes very corrupt system that feeds and supports us. If we did, the more objective of us would quickly notice that we ourselves are just as embroiled (and thus just as indicted, if we're choosing to indict anyone) as the D-bag hedge-fund managers we rail against, in perpetuating and validating the system as it is. We do not ask hard questions. And while we superficially glance with a stern rebuke toward financial system in one direction, we reach out our hand in the other and take the money the system has afforded us.
So, for all us liberal dreamer kids reading this, in the words of Chernyshevsky and Lenin, a question: what is to be done?
Whatever is to be done, it won't be done until the middle classes collapse. Things are going to get a hell of a lot worse before they get better. Certainly, there should be more serious, mainstream discussion with regard to the pitfalls of free-market capitalism, but there just won't be enough of a demand for it until enough people undergo an extended period of economic hardship. Pun intended.
"A new capitalism-–brutal and conquering"
i wasn't aware that there ever was a different form of capitalism
Well, stories about leveraged funds are really a bit too late. Deleveraging sets in for a period of what may look like self-destruction. As it wreaks havoc, Greenspanites may find themselves outnumbered by the more-regulation-more-bureaucracy types.
I just noticed the 'abridged from Le Monde Diplomatique' and realized that this was taken from a different publication. There's nothing wrong with this - it was credited - but since when is Adbusters putting wire stories on the front page of their website. Belated ones, no less. The story was from almost a year ago. The fact that the article uses the word "new" in the headline, deck and first graph is a bit sad for the state of this publication.
Do you read the journal? Most of the articles you see here are from back issues of Adbusters, such as this one. So for one, this isn't a wire story. As for the datedness, Vulture Capitalism is still going on so is it irrelevant? What defines datedness to you, simply being not immediately new? Thats a very commmon consumerist attitude.
Why not comment on the content rather than attack the medium (as I just did to you)?
"Why not comment on the content rather than attack the medium (as I just did to you)?"
I did, see my earlier post.
"As for the datedness, Vulture Capitalism is still going on so is it irrelevant?"
No, I said that in my earlier post as well. The fact that the publication was to lazy to refashion the article (ie. eliminating the focus on this being some new phenomenon, although this probably should have been done a year ago as well) is what bothered me.
I haven't read any of the other comments so I don't know if anyone mentioned this. There is another kind of vulture fund where companies buy the reduced debt of third world countries, sue the country and make them pay back the full price. See this article for more details: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/6362783.stm
They are vultures and they pay just enough to keep the ones below them from unionizing or do whatever the unions used to do as a collective whole. but we as children of America know nothing of the collective whole because we are taught to go at it alone thinking that were better than the union. While the union is these vulture investors who have just made a rich, really wealthy union with a die hard pact that stops at nothing.
They say it was Alan Greenspan who paved the way with his low interest rates and encouragement of leveraged finance - debt to asset ratios.
However, when everyone does this - takes $30 bucks and borrows $70 to get $100 - that only works if there is some real thing at the other end.
In the housing crisis, what was being leveraged were house loans, that had already been inflated in value several times by assessors and loan agents and homeowners running the refinancing cycle, depending on new loans to avoid the adjustable loan penalties (a mouthful, yes).
These loans were then bundled into juicy packages and sold on to hedge funds, who all went belly up. The rest fled into commodities, driving up their prices to astronomical levels. That's another aspect of vulture funds, but the culprit is also easy money rules that allow vast quantities of cash to slosh around the world, unregulated.
They aren't that new, but given the increasing difficulties developing nations have in paying their debts and the stagnate debt relief situation, it may be more pertinent these days.
The article doesn't really mention it (that this story was told in 500 words seems odd to me) but a lot of the debts that these huge funds acquire come from poor countries who can't afford to pay them off. Banks won't sue because it's not in their best interests (else other countries won't do business with them) but these private funds can buy the debt, sue at will and get fully compensated (including interest and expenses).
It's true that it does happen in North America as well (with private companies rather than countries owing money) where it does affect the lower stratus of the institutions being bought and restructured, but consider when some countries have to cut basic programs such as health care and education in order to pay off these billion dollar 'vulture' funds. That seems to be the real problem to me.
hasn't this been going on for like the past 30 years? large investors purchasing smaller companies who are in financial trouble to reorganize (which usually involves downsizing and outsourcing) at the behest of the companies lower level employees. is there something that explicitly defines a vulture fund apart from any other large-scale private equity fund?
p.s. images of gordon gecko ran rampant in my head throughout this article.
Fuck shareholder economics.
Profit is theft. If all costs are represented there should be no profit. Someone or something somewhere is getting squeezed.
Interesting and scary but just wondering if the French have taken over the world finance why are we not all speaking French?